• Strong Winds
• little precipitaion (rainfall)
• short summer days
• very long and cold winters
• poor soil
• permafrost-a layer of permanently frozen subsoil

Biotic Factors-biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem

• Plants like Heaths and mosses have to adapt to the very long and cold winters because the sun does not come up in the winter
• Wildlife like arctic tundra animals include snowy owls, reindeer, polar bears, white foxes, lemmings, arctic hares, wolverines, caribou, migrating birds, mosquitoes, and black flies.